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Authors
Spierenburg, Lucas
Ralon-Santizo, Esteban
van Cranenburgh, Sander
Cats, Oded
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
TU Delft AI Initiative
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Article History
Received: 25 November 2025
Accepted: 13 March 2026
First Online: 19 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study analyzed publicly available census statistics at the census zone level collected by national statistical offices. As this involved secondary analysis of fully anonymized geographic data with no direct contact with human subjects, the need for institutional ethics approval and informed consent was waived by the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) from the TU Delft.
