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Authors
Zhu, Haijun
Wang, Mengxue
Chen, Mengran
Cai, Peipei
Mao, Jiaxin
Zhao, Yonghui
Wang, Pengwei
Cao, Ruixin
Zang, Lili
Wang, Lilin
Su, Jun
Yang, Pengfei
Liu, Dandan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Henan Provincial College Students’ Innovation Training Program Project (202510472026)
Starting Research Funding from Xinxiang Medical University (XYBSKYZZ201810)
Provincial-level Funding Program for Returned Overseas Scholars of Henan Province
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central public welfare research institutes (ZZ15-YQ-063)
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Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 13 March 2026
First Online: 21 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The data for this study was sourced from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) public database, which is openly accessible. Patient information has been de-identified, thus exemption approval was granted by the ethics committee of Xinxiang Medical University. This research complies with the Helsinki Declaration.
: Participate consent was waived due to the approval of using a publicly accessible database and the retrospective nature of the research.
: Due to the approval of using a publicly accessible database and the retrospective nature of the research, informed consent was waived.
: This article does not contain any research conducted by the authors on human participants or animals.
: This large-scale cohort study identified significant associations between primary site in breast cancer and patterns of distant metastasis, with bone metastasis being the most prevalent. Notably, our findings suggest that the inflammatory tumor microenvironment may facilitate metastasis. Predicting metastatic sites holds critical clinical value for guiding targeted therapies and improving patient prognosis.
