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Authors
Liu, Cheng-Sheng https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0039-5471
Tung, Kuan-Kai
Chen, Kun-Hui https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7378-4211
Pan, Chien-Chou
Shih, Cheng-Min
Wu, Yun-Che
Lee, Cheng-Hung
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Article History
Received: 9 November 2025
Accepted: 13 March 2026
First Online: 23 March 2026
Declarations
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: This current study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Taichung Veterans General Hospital in Taiwan (TCVGH-IRB-CE20218B), with all patients signing the written informed consent. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations (complied with latest version of Helsinki Declaration of the World Health Organization and relevant regulations on human subject research or clinical trials issued by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare) approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Taichung Veterans General Hospital.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
: All data were extracted from the database of Taichung Veterans General Hospital. Patients and the public were not involved.
: The abstract of this study has been presented at both the Global Spine Congress 2023 and the 2023 Annual Meeting of Taiwan Orthopedic Association. The paper has recently been accepted as E-poster of EUROSPINE Annual Meeting 2025.
