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Article History

Received: 13 December 2025

Accepted: 16 March 2026

First Online: 27 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study adhered to established ethical standards for research involving human participants and received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Al-Quds University (364/REC/2024) and official permissions from the participating universities prior to data collection. Participation was entirely voluntary, with implied written consent obtained after participants read a comprehensive information sheet detailing study objectives, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality measures, and their right to decline participation. All data were encrypted and securely stored on servers accessible only to the research team to maintain confidentiality and anonymity.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.