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Article History

Received: 26 December 2025

Accepted: 16 March 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

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: The experimental data employed in this study are derived from the open-source DMD video dataset39. Due to the limitations of this dataset, the proposed model is not directly applicable to nighttime or low-illumination environments. In practical applications, the parameters for evaluating fatigue should be adjusted based on specific data characteristics to ensure compliance with the requirements of the model. The primary application of this model lies in driver fatigue warning tasks. In real-world deployment, repeated testing of the model’s outcomes is necessary to ensure its robustness and reliability. This study provides reference technical indicators; however, actual applications should carefully consider the influence of environmental conditions and various external factors.

: The author declares no conflict of interest.