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Article History

Received: 28 August 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 21 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The data used in this study were sourced from publicly available video content published on TikTok (Douyin). These videos are publicly accessible, and no personal privacy information was involved during the data collection process. All analyzed content was publicly available, and the study did not involve the collection or processing of users’ private information. In accordance with relevant ethical review guidelines, ethical approval for this study was not required.

: The quality of the basic information and content of the videos was recorded and assessed by two independent reviewers (Tao HL and Wang LN), and any disagreements were resolved by consultation with a third researcher (Lin YB). As this study involved the analysis of publicly available short videos without any direct involvement of human subjects, obtaining informed consent was not applicable. This research adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for utilizing publicly available data.