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Authors
Lee, Donghwan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3878-6876
Oh, Sehyun
Hwang, Seyeon
Park, Jiae
Oh, Yujin
Kumagai, Akiko
Lee, Sang-Seob https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0171-561X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1A2C1012865, RS-2022-00155966)
National Research Foundation of Korea (2022R1F1A1063719)
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Article History
Received: 11 November 2025
Accepted: 17 March 2026
First Online: 24 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea (approval no.: KC23WISI0160). This retrospective study used medical records, and the IRB of Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea waived the requirement for informed consent. This material was based on “CMC nu CDW” and “CMC integrated DATA” at the Catholic University of Korea, Catholic Medical Center. Thus, any research results obtained from them do not reflect relationships or a perspective from the Catholic University of Korea, Catholic Medical Center, and its affiliated hospitals.
