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Characterization, immune cell phenotyping and differential gene expression analysis of brain metastases and primary breast cancer samples

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45607-w

Published Online: 2026-03-29

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Gassner, Franz Josef

Rinnerthaler, Gabriel

Castagnaviz, Vanessa

Gonzalez-Martinez, Alejandra

Parigger, Thomas

Drothler, Stephan

Greil, Richard

Geisberger, Roland

Kraus, Theo F. J.

Romagna, Alexander

Schwartz, Christoph

Ladisich, Barbara

Sotlar, Karl

Hauser-Kronberger, Cornelia

Alinger-Scharinger, Beate

Steiner, Markus

Zaborsky, Nadja

Gampenrieder, Simon Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3966-1071
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Province of Salzburg (F2401018-BAS)

WISS 2025, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, CCSII-IOS and CCSIII-IOS
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Version of Record valid from 2026-03-31
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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 20 March 2026

First Online: 29 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Simon P. Gampenrieder received honoraria from Roche, Daiichi Sankyo, Seagen, Novartis, BMS, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Janssen, Gilead, Eli Lilly and MSD; travel support from Roche, Amgen, Novartis, Pfizer, Bayer, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen and Gilead; and research grants from Roche, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, Pfizer, Caris Life Sciences, Lilly, Seagen, Gilead, AstraZeneca and Stemline Therapeutics. Christoph Schwartz received honoraria from Servier and Novocure. All other authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the province Salzburg (IRB Number: 415-E/2262/4-2018).

: Not applicable.

: All patients provided written informed consent for participation and for genetic testing or died before data entry.

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