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Article History

Received: 4 November 2025

Accepted: 20 March 2026

First Online: 27 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Jilin Normal University (Reference Number: IRB-2024-JLNU-FL-001). All participants in the user studies provided written informed consent prior to enrollment. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations. For the computational experiments using publicly available datasets, ethical approval was not required as the data had been previously anonymized and made publicly available for research purposes.

: All authors have reviewed the manuscript and consent to its publication. No identifiable information regarding participants has been included.

: Not applicable.