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Article History

Received: 24 September 2025

Accepted: 20 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The dataset used in this study, Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia (PMA-ET), is available to the public via the data repository at Johns Hopkins University without registration. The Institutional Review Boards at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (Ref: FWA0000028) and Addis Ababa University’s College of Health Sciences (Ref: AAUMF 01–008) granted ethical approval for the initial PMA-ET survey. Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia (PMA-ET), In compliance with national laws and IRB-approved procedures, informed consent was acquired from each participant at the time of initial data collection 34 . This study involved secondary analysis of de-identified public-use data; therefore, no additional ethical approval or participant consent was required. All procedures complied with relevant guidelines and adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.