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Authors
Zhang, Longsheng
Yang, Duo
Wang, Ying
Lin, Renzhe
Ye, Shujun
Zheng, Chaoshun
Zhang, Huankai
Lin, Haoqin
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Article History
Received: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 23 March 2026
First Online: 1 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Research data were extracted from the MIMIC-IV database after rigorous de-identification procedures that eliminated all direct identifiers and preserved patient confidentiality. These procedures align completely with the MIMIC-IV privacy protocol, thus obviating the need for additional institutional review board approval.
