Kientega, Mahamadi
Kaboré, Honorine
Sawadogo, Grégoire
Hui, Tin-Yu Y. J.
Traoré, Nouhoun
Millogo, Abdoul-Azize A.
Maiga, Hamidou
Miles, Alistair
Clarkson, Chris S.
Diabaté, Abdoulaye
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (220540/Z/20/A)
Wellcome Trust (224487/Z/21/Z)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-001927 and INV-068808)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-037164)
Article History
Received: 21 November 2025
Accepted: 23 March 2026
First Online: 1 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods in this paper have been implemented in accordance with the relevant guidelines/regulations/legislation in Burkina Faso. The protocol of the sampling was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (32-2022/CEIRES). No ethics approval was required to run all the activities related to this paper.
: Not applicable.