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Article History

Received: 15 November 2025

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, under approval from the Faculty of Science Ethics Committee, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria (approval ref. Delsu/FOS/EC/2018-002). Community engagement was conducted with informed consent and in respect of local cultural practices. Additional research permissions were obtained from the Edo State and Delta State Ministries of Environment prior to fieldwork.