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Authors
Furman, Celina R.
Worth, Ingrid A.
Zhang, Jacki D.
Henderson, James B.
Pokowitz, Elena L.
Sonneville, Kendrin R.
Lee, Joyce M.
Gearhardt, Ashley N.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Frances and Kenneth Eisenberg Endowment Fund
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Article History
Received: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 23 March 2026
First Online: 25 April 2026
Declarations
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: Principle Investigator A. Gearhardt has received speaking honoraria from academic organizations and health-related nonprofits, consulting fees from health-related nonprofits and a law firm and receives royalties from Oxford University Press. Co-I J. Lee receives grant funding from Lilly USA, LLC, participated on the Medical Advisory Board for GoodRx, and served as a consultant to Tandem Diabetes Care. These consulting roles and companies were not involved in any step of the research process (e.g., funding, study design, collection and analysis of data, writing or approval of manuscript) and did not influence the content, analysis, or conclusions of this research project or manuscript. No other conflicts of interest are declared with respect to the authorship or the publication of this article.
: This study’s procedures and materials were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Michigan. All participants provided written informed consent.
