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Authors
Chen, Guolin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Dean Fund of Gandong University (2023YZJJKJ02)
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Article History
Received: 14 November 2025
Accepted: 23 March 2026
First Online: 19 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study does not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any primary data collection. All numerical experiments are performed on publicly available benchmark functions.
: The author declares he has not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tool in the creation of this article.
