Huang, Xingyu
Ahmad, Waqar
Shahbaz, Muhammad
Asif, Muhammad
Fatima, Noor
Article History
Received: 26 September 2025
Accepted: 23 March 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All participants provided informed consent before taking part in the survey. They were assured of voluntary participation, confidentiality, and the use of data solely for research purposes.
: This study has been thoroughly reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the UE Business School, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan, under approval number UE/DM&AS/UEBS/2025/20.