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Article History

Received: 28 December 2025

Accepted: 25 March 2026

First Online: 5 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study did not involve the collection of any new non-public human participant data by the authors. The behavior-recognition experiments were carried out using the publicly available EmoDetect dataset hosted on Kaggle. Only aggregate findings are reported in the manuscript, and no private institutional recordings were used in the analysis. The proposed system is intended to support learning analytics and is not designed for surveillance or high-stakes decision-making. Possible bias arising from factors such as lighting conditions, webcam quality, head pose variation, and demographic diversity remains a limitation of the study and is acknowledged in the discussion.