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Authors
Tantely, Luciano Michaël
Guis, Hélène
Raharinirina, Manou Rominah
Ambinintsoa, Fidelis Maminirina
Miharisoa, Sylviane
Andriamiarimanana, Mandaniaina Radotiana
Rakotoarivony, Ignace
Andrianandrasana, Miora Felaniaina
Nepomichene, Thiery Nirina
Razafiarimanga, Zara Nomentsoa
Ayala, Diego
Garros, Claire
Cêtre-Sossah, Catherine
Héraud, Jean-Michel
Tran, Annelise
Walker, Thomas
Girod, Romain
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (209344/Z/17/Z)
Wellcome Trust (101285)
Interreg
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 28 April 2026
Declarations
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: Before starting the study, an ethical clearance numbered 014-MSANP/CRBM of February 26, 2018 was obtained from the ethical committee of the Ministry of Public health. Concerning the use human-baited double net traps, whose results are not published in this manuscript, an informed consent form for biomedical research was provided to each participant who agreed to stay under the double net traps to act as a human bait according to this ethical clearance. All participants who accepted to participate as human baits in the project signed this informed consent form. In this manuscript, no tissue, human or animal blood samples were taken in this study, and the physical and social integrity of the household occupants was not disturbed throughout the research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Figure legenfds.
