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Authors
Binder, Lucie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4569-2034
Schultze, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-2403
Chen, Frances S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2322-1095
Windmann, Sabine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3573-7526
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main
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Article History
Received: 6 December 2025
Accepted: 26 March 2026
First Online: 3 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was waived by the Local Ethics Committee of the Psychological Faculty at Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany, for studies involving the FABS (16 studies, see study overview in the online supplement), see “Statement of irrelevance”, https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/76360987/Information_Irrelevanz_Ethikvotum.pdf). Procedures involving economic games and deception were approved by the committee (#2022-01). One study conducted via MTurk (Study 09) was approved by the Behavioral Research Ethics Board of the University of British Columbia (#H20-00306 amendment). All studies were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation, and participation was anonymous in all cases.
