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Authors
Wenji, Dai
Charmi, Mahdis
Izadpanah, Siros
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Article History
Received: 17 March 2026
Accepted: 26 March 2026
First Online: 4 April 2026
Declarations
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: Approval ID: Research Ethics Committees of Islamic Azad University-Zanjan Branch: IR.IAU.Z.REC.1402.087. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants’ parents or legal guardians, and written assent was obtained from the students prior to data collection. The consent process explicitly addressed the use of Telegram for instructional communication. To protect participants’ privacy, students were instructed to adjust Telegram settings to hide phone numbers, no personal identifiers were collected, and online interactions were monitored by teachers and the research team.
: There is no ethical or conflict of interest in this research. All the participants filled out consent forms.
