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Authors
Magassouba, N’Faly
Gustani-Buss, Emanuele
Ifono, Kekoura
Nelson, Emily Victoria
Camara, Jacob
Annibaldis, Giuditta
Renevey, Annick
Hinzmann, Julia
Hinrichs, Mette
Ryter, Sarah
Emua, Ehizojie
Millimono, Saa Lucien
Kolie, Eugene
Condé, Moussa
Sylla, Bakary
Ibrahim, Nourdine
Mely, Stephane
Soubrier, Hugo
de Bellocq, Joëlle Goüy
Escudero-Pérez, Beatriz
Cuypers, Laura N.
Moissonnier, Elodie
de Caluwé, Lien
Müller, Jonas
Thielebein, Anke
Tomazatos, Alexandru
Jacobsen, Christine
Pahlmann, Meike
Becker-Ziaja, Beate
Erameh, Cyril
Okogbenin, Sylvanus
Koundouno, Fara Raymond
Sidibé, Youssouf
Keïta, Kaba
Keita, Mamadou Boye
Loi, Gianluca
Kipela, Moke Fundji Jean Marie
Ki-Zerbo, Georges Alfred
Dia, Seydou
Lemey, Philippe
Günther, Stephan
Camara, Alimou
Soropogui, Barré
Kafetzopoulou, Liana Eleni
Boumbaly, Sanaba
Duraffour, Sophie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin
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Article History
Received: 6 January 2026
Accepted: 27 March 2026
First Online: 1 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: As the analyzed data were generated during routine clinical practice as part of surveillance, written informed consent (signature or fingerprint) was not obtained from individuals. The Ethics Committee “Comité National d’Ethique pour la Recherche en Santé (CNERS)” of Guinea approved (approval number: 165/CNERS/24) an exemption from obtaining individual consent in accordance with paragraph 32 of the Declaration of Helsinki, as only anonymized data was used for this research. Quote: “Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects – 32: For medical research using identifiable human material or data, such as research on material or data contained in biobanks or similar repositories, physicians must obtain informed consent for their collection, storage, and/or reuse. There may be exceptional situations where consent would be impossible or impractical to obtain for such research. In such situations, the research may only be conducted after review and approval by a research ethics committee."This work is part of the Nagoya permit number 006/2023/PN.
: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used the ChatGPT / free version in order to edit some sentences. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.
