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Authors
Ahmad, Nor Monica
Hasan, Nor’Aishah
Ahmad Noruddin, Nor Farah Nadirah
Hisham, Muhammad Nabil Haqiem
Aziz, Amirul Adli Abd
Ahmad, Siti Noor Dina
Shamsuddin, Noraziyah Abd Aziz
Hussein, Sobri
Binti Mansor, Mustakizah
Yusop, Mohd Rafii
Harun, Abdul Rahim
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi (600-RMC MOSTI SRF 5/3 001/2024)
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2025
Accepted: 27 March 2026
First Online: 2 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors used AI-based tools (Gemini and ChatGPT) to assist in language refinement, rephrasing, and drafting support. All scientific content, interpretations, and conclusions were critically reviewed and validated by the authors. The authors take full responsibility for the accuracy, originality, and integrity of the manuscript.
