Document is current

Article History

Received: 16 November 2025

Accepted: 28 March 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This secondary analysis utilized publicly available, de-identified DHS data obtained with permission from the DHS Program (Rockville, MD, USA). The original Rwanda DHS 2019–2020 survey received ethical approval from the Rwanda National Ethics Committee and the ICF Institutional Review Board. Ethical approval for this secondary analysis was obtained from the College of Medicine and Health Sciences Institutional Review Board, University of Rwanda (Ref: CMHS/IRB/525/2024). All participants in the original survey provided informed consent prior to participation.

: Not applicable. This study used de-identified secondary data from a publicly available dataset. No individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos) are presented in this manuscript.