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Article History

Received: 2 August 2025

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hohai University (Ethics Approval Number: HHU-2024-REC-089). The work involved analysis of publicly available arbitration case documents and did not require informed consent, as no human subjects were directly involved. All case data were obtained from publicly accessible databases and institutional repositories in compliance with applicable data protection regulations. The study protocol adhered to ethical guidelines for legal research involving secondary data analysis.

: In accordance with the Scientific Reports policy on the use of artificial intelligence, we declare that no generative AI tools (such as ChatGPT, Claude, Bard, or similar large language models) were employed in the drafting, writing, editing, or revision of this manuscript. All text, analysis, and interpretations presented in this paper were produced entirely by the human authors. While the research itself concerns deep learning and artificial intelligence methods applied to legal prediction, the manuscript preparation process did not involve any AI-assisted writing or content generation tools.