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Authors
A., Safiya Parvin
B., Saleena
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai
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Article History
Received: 19 November 2025
Accepted: 31 March 2026
First Online: 20 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research study was conducted using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care—Pediatric Intensive Care (MIMIC-PIC) database, that is publicly available at , (older and new versions). This database was granted access after completing the required training and credentialing process through the PhysioNet platform, including the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) “Data or Specimens Only Research” course. Because the data are fully de-identified and in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Safe Harbor provisions, this study was exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. No direct human subject contact occurred and no identifiable private information was used. Therefore, informed consent and ethical approval were not required for this secondary analysis. This study used the publicly available and de-identified Paediatric Intensive Care (PIC) database (Li et al. 2020), which is hosted on PhysioNet. As the data are fully de-identified, this study was exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval according to institutional policy. This study was exempt from IRB review, as it involved publicly available anonymized data. As per the institutional policy of Physionet, no formal IRB approval was required. Data Source: Li, H., Zeng, X., & Yu, G. (2020). Paediatric Intensive Care database (version 1.1.0). PhysioNet . RRID:SCR_007345. .
