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Authors
Gao, Siqi
Wang, Luyang
Xiao, Yu
Xu, Jingyi
Zhang, Yifan
Liu, Junjie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Tangshan Science Program Project (21130224C)
Hebei Medical Research Project (20221533)
National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (202410081019)
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2025
Accepted: 3 April 2026
First Online: 20 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This retrospective study employed a de-identified dataset approved by the IRB of the BIDMC. Given the de-identified nature of the dataset and the non-interventional study design, the BIDMC IRB granted a waiver of informed consent. The research adhered strictly to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, with all procedures involving human data conducted in compliance with these guidelines. To meet institutional standards, the study team completed the CITI Program courses Conflicts of Interest and Data or Specimens Only Research (Certification ID: 14127842), mandatory prerequisites for accessing the institutional database.
