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Article History

Received: 4 June 2025

Accepted: 6 April 2026

First Online: 19 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study utilized the publicly accessible Charité Breast Cancer Dataset (Mendeley Data, ), collected prospectively between November 2016 and March 2021 under approval by the Ethics Committee of Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Ethics Committee approval number: EA2/084/16). The Ethics Committee of Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin waived the requirement for informed consent for secondary analysis of anonymized data, as stipulated under Article 15(8) of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), given the retrospective nature of the dataset and the absence of direct patient identifiers. The current study’s reuse of this dataset complies with the original Ethics Committee’s waiver, as no additional patient contact, intervention, or identifiable information was involved. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations governing secondary use of anonymized biomedical data.