Enhancing Winters exponential smoothing: a novel approach with back-casting, Grey Wolf Optimization, and error tracking
Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-48175-1
Published Online: 2026-04-24
Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy
Karakullukcu, Erdinc
Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-04-24
Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-04-24
Article History
Received: 24 September 2025
Accepted: 6 April 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.