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Authors
Adow, Abdulkadir Ibrahim https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3486-9209
Ali, Shaadiya Mohamed https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4514-4944
Abdi, Bashir Mohamed https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8202-1952
Bashir, Sharmake Gaiye https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6900-9870
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Article History
Received: 4 March 2026
Accepted: 7 April 2026
First Online: 20 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical clearance for this research was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Somali National University (Ref: JUS/KCC&CT/XT/0052/2026, issued on February, 2026). All study procedures adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national guidelines. Informed consent was secured from every participant before data collection, and confidentiality was ensured by using anonymized data and secure storage methods. Participants were also fully informed of their right to decline participation or withdraw at any stage without any consequences.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, procedures involved, potential risks and benefits, and their right to refuse participation or withdraw at any time without any consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the study, and no personal identifiers were recorded.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
