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Article History

Received: 10 January 2026

Accepted: 9 April 2026

First Online: 12 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. -The Ethics Committee of Heilongjiang Hydrological and Water Resources Center, China, confirmed that this study, based on an online questionnaire survey, does not require formal IRB approval, as no personal, sensitive, or identifiable human data were collected or used for analysis. -We confirm that this study involved an online questionnaire survey completed by water-sector professionals and experts with experience in water resource management and related fields. Participation was voluntary and anonymous, and informed consent was obtained from all respondents prior to completing the survey.