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Article History

Received: 11 October 2025

Accepted: 9 April 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

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: The authors declare that this study was funded by the Provincial Quality Engineering Project of Anhui Province (2022jyxm772)—a public, non-commercial grant with no restrictions on data analysis, interpretation, or manuscript publication; the LSTM-Attention model and personalized learning path algorithm were developed solely for research purposes, with no patents filed, no commercial licensing, and no financial interests of the authors in the system’s future development or deployment; none of the authors have personal, professional, or financial relationships with organizations or individuals that could inappropriately influence (bias) this work; the study was conducted independently by Anhui Medical University and Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, with no industry or third-party involvement in study design, data collection, or analysis. This declaration adheres to the ICMJE Conflict of Interest Guidelines [34], and the authors confirm that no undisclosed conflicts exist.

: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Medical University (No. 2022 jyxm772) and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki principles. All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment.