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Authors
Krüger, Markus https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0550-5668
Pink, Christiane https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5950-2716
Jiang, Hanyi https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8532-5196
Weihs, Antoine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7113-0027
Busch, Chia-Jung https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8254-8237
Scharf, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6806-6450
Bremert, Thomas
Ewert, Ralf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6746-9925
Obst, Anne https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8567-0502
Penzel, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4304-0112
Fietze, Ingo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5567-5206
Kordaß, Bernd
Kocher, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9605-2822
Biffar, Reiner https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0181-1388
Völzke, Henry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7003-399X
Daboul, Amro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8998-1025
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsmedizin Greifswald
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Accepted: 10 April 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Declarations
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: TP reports consulting fees from Cerebra and Takeda; speaker honoraria from Jazz Pharmaceuticals and Idorsia; travel support from Philips and Sleepimage; advisory board participation for Takeda (personal) and Bayer (institutional); leadership roles in the German Sleep Society (past president) and World Sleep Society (president-elect, unpaid); shares in Advanced Sleep Research and The Siestagroup GmbH; and receipt of devices from Neurovirtual and Sleepimage. RE reports research support from Löwenstein Medical; grants and/or lecture honoraria from Janssen Germany, OMT Germany, AOP, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Berlin Chemie; consulting fees from AOP Germany and Janssen Germany; travel support from Novartis Germany and Janssen Germany; and advisory board roles with AOP Germany and Janssen Germany. All authors affirm that they received no financial support related to this work other than as disclosed above. The tobacco and nicotine delivery industry had no involvement in this work.
: Data retrospectively examined in this study is part of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) approved by the ethics committee of the University Medicine Greifswald and in full compliance with ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: The authors take full responsibility for the accuracy, interpretation, and integrity of the content presented in this research.
