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Authors
Venkatesan, C.
Alshalali, Tagrid Abdullah N.
Sivakumar, V.
Balamurugan, D.
Manjunath, R.
Arun Francis, G.
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Article History
Received: 8 November 2025
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 20 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilized publicly available, anonymized data from the SPECTF Heart Dataset ( ) and the Arrhythmia Dataset ( ). Both datasets are open-access repositories containing de-identified patient records. The data were accessed and used in accordance with the terms and conditions specified by the dataset providers. As the datasets are publicly available and contain no personally identifiable information, the study did not require ethical approval or informed consent.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
