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Authors
Urakawa, Kunio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-0018
Fan, Xiao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Grant Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (25H00518)
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Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Accepted: 14 April 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: for the present study’s analysis and publication was obtained before manuscript submission from the Research Ethics Committee of Kyushu University (approved on 22 December 2025) and the School of Business Administration, China University of Petroleum, Beijing at Karamay (approval letter dated 16 December 2025). This manuscript reports a secondary analysis of anonymized respondent-level survey data originally collected in Japan in January 2021 through the NTT Com Online panel. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations and with the Declaration of Helsinki. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants before participation. No personally identifiable information was collected. Access to the anonymized analytical dataset was restricted to the research team.
