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Authors
Hilfiker, Aurore
Cheval, Cecilia
Ma, Hong
Smith, William A.
Laparra, Hélène
Schwaar, Joanne
Langlet, Delphine
Dewey, Ralph E.
Goepfert, Simon
Bovet, Lucien
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Article History
Received: 1 December 2025
Accepted: 16 April 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Declarations
:
: L.B., A.H., C.C., H.L., D.L., J.S., and S.G. are employed or were employed by Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland at the time of the study. The remaining authors are employees of North Carolina State University. L.B. is a listed inventor on patents held by Philip Morris International (PMI) and receives royalty payments from PMI. S.G. and H.L. own stock in PMI. R.D. received research funding support from PMI, is a listed inventor on patents held by PMI, and receives royalty payments from PMI. W.S. and H.M. receive salary contributions taken from research funding support from PMI. Philip Morris Products S.A. is a tobacco manufacturer and was involved in the review and approval of the manuscript for publication.
