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Authors
Gouda, Sheetal
Mohan, Sooraj
Dwivedi, Shobhit Kumar
Dinesha, P.
Venkatesh, V. N.
Satputaley, Sushant S.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
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Article History
Received: 6 February 2026
Accepted: 20 April 2026
First Online: 28 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The lead author affirms that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained.
: Informed and written consent was obtained from all the pregnant women participating in the study. The data on clinical and demographic information were obtained using a structured questionnaire. The urine samples of the patients were collected; however, the patients were not involved in the study design, selection of outcome measures, data analysis, interpretation of results, or dissemination of findings.
