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Authors
Zhu, Guowei
Hu, Zicheng
Liu, Jinming
Cao, Qian
Zhu, Minmin
Liang, Xiao
- License Information
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 20 April 2026
First Online: 25 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: In the MIMIC-IV database, all patient information is encrypted and fully de-identified. This study complies with applicable national regulations and ethical exemption policies, and thus meets the criteria for waiver of institutional review board (IRB) approval and informed consent.
: This study utilized anonymized data from the MIMIC-IV version 3.1 database. All patient information has been de-identified and the original identifier has been replaced with a random code generated by the system. Due to the special nature of this database, the study is exempt from informed consent and institutional ethics review requirements.
