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Article History

Received: 15 January 2026

Accepted: 23 April 2026

First Online: 8 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Dr. Yoshiike reports payments for several items outside the submitted work, namely consulting fees from Eisai, and honoraria for lectures from MSD, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma. Dr. Kawamura reports personal fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and MSD, outside the submitted work. Dr. Nagao reports payments for lectures outside the submitted work, including services under speaker’s honorarium from Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd. Dr. Matsui reports payments for advisory services or honoraria for lectures from Chugai Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Japan Blood Products Organization, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, mMEDICI, Mochida Pharmaceutical, MSD, Nobelpharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Pharma, Takeda Pharmaceutical, and Nemielu, outside the submitted work. Dr. Kuriyama reports grant support from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Eisai; personal fees from Meiji Seika Pharma, Eisai, MSD, Daiichi Sankyo, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, and Sumitomo Pharma; and advisory fees from Eisai, Shionogi Pharma, Meiji Seika Pharma, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nexera Pharma, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. And Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, outside the submitted work. The other authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (March 08, 2023/No. A2022-100).

: This study utilized anonymized data from a PSG databank for sleep disorders in Japan for research purposes; therefore, the informed consent procedure was waived.