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Article History

Received: 8 January 2026

Accepted: 24 April 2026

First Online: 18 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study utilizes a publicly available dataset, namely the Student Learning Performance Dataset, obtained from the Kaggle repository ( ). The dataset includes academic, demographic, and behavioral attributes of students and is intended for educational data mining and predictive modeling tasks. It does not contain any personally identifiable or sensitive information. As the research involves secondary analysis of anonymized and publicly accessible data, ethical approval from an institutional review board was not required.

: The dataset used in this study was sourced from a publicly available Kaggle repository. Informed consent was obtained by the original data providers during the data collection process. Since this research involves only secondary use of anonymized data, no additional participant consent was required.