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Article History

Received: 26 February 2026

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 6 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Department of Electrical and Mechanical Technology at National Changhua University of Education. As the participants were adult people with full decision-making capacity and not minors, the study complied with the Ministry of Health and Welfare’s directive regarding the “Scope of Human Research Exempt from Ethical Review by Institutional Review Boards” (Directive No. 1010265079, issued July 5, 2012; ). Therefore, formal approval from an institutional review board was not required. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association (2017), as well as the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent amendments or equivalent ethical standards (World Medical Association, 2025).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their involvement in the study. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, how their data would be used, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the compensation offered. No vulnerable populations were included in this study.