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Article History

Received: 15 December 2025

Accepted: 28 April 2026

First Online: 8 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study utilized publicly available, de-identified data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). All data were secondary in nature and did not involve direct interaction with human subjects. The establishment and use of the SEER database have received appropriate ethical exemptions. The requirement for obtaining individual patient consent was waived due to the public and anonymous nature of the data.

: Not applicable. This study did not use any identifiable images, data, or details of individuals.