Document is current

Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 29 April 2026

First Online: 1 June 2026

Declarations

:

: AU is a co-researcher with CellSeed Inc. MM is the CEO of MakeWay LLC. The other authors have no conflicts of interest regarding the work described herein. AU is the editorial board member of the journal and was not involved in the peer review process of the article.

: The entire study including the clinical intervention component and experiments with human cells and tissues, was approved by the Institutional Review Board and Certified Special Committee for Regenerative Medicine at the National Center for Child Health and Development (project title: Clinical trial of autologous oral mucosal epidermal cell sheet transplantation in patients with anastomotic restenosis after repair of congenital esophageal atresia, approval number: 1202, date of approval: December 17th, 2018). Human cells in this study were utilized in full compliance with the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects (Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW), Japan; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan). Consent to participate in this study was obtained from the parents of patients or from patients him/herself and their parents.

: Consent for publication was obtained from the parents of patients or from patients him/herself and their parents.

: During the preparation of this work, YY and YF used DeepL, Grammarly, and ChatGPT for English writing. After using DeepL, Grammarly, and ChatGPT, YF reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the content of the publication.