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Article History

Received: 11 June 2025

Accepted: 30 April 2026

First Online: 19 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations concerning the study of archaeological human remains. The analysis was conducted on cremated human remains recovered from Late Bronze and Early Iron Age archaeological contexts (ca. 3300 − 2500 years old). Research permissions were granted by the Archaeological Museum of the City Museum of Wrocław (site: Cieszków), the Museum in Gliwice (site: Świbie), the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Wrocław (site: Wrocław-Żerniki), and the Museum of Copper in Legnica (site: Czernikowice). Additional permissions for anthropological examination and documentation were obtained through formal collaboration with licensed archaeological firms: Usługi Archeologiczne “Dwojak”, Andrzej Dwojak, Wrocław (site: Rolantowice); Pracownia Archeologiczna “Delfa”, Justyna Szwed and Robert Szwed, Wrocław (site: Krzyżowice); „Akme” Zdzisław Wiśniewski, Wrocław (site: Łazy, in collaboration with excavation director Dr. Paweł Madera); and Usługi Archeologiczne Grzegorz Gmyrek, Kalisz (site: Wtórek). In all cases, A.H. acted as a certified physical anthropologist responsible for examination and documentation of human remains. Due to the archaeological and ancient nature of the remains, informed consent from individuals or legal guardians was not applicable.