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Authors
Jabbar, Abdul
Grooby, Ethan
Crozier, Jack
Gallon, Alexander
Pham, Vivian
Ahmad, Khawza I.
Hassanuzzaman, Md
Mostafa, Raqibul
Khandoker, Ahsan H.
Marzbanrad, Faezeh
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Article History
Received: 8 December 2025
Accepted: 30 April 2026
First Online: 18 September 2026
Declarations
Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval: Data collection was conducted at two hospitals: Bangladesh Shishu (Children) Hospital & Institute and the National Heart Foundation Hospital & Research Institute. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the respective institutional review boards (National Heart Foundation Hospital & Research Institute: NHFH & RI 4-14/7/AD/1132; Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute: Admin/1714/BSHI/2021). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating children prior to data collection.
