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Authors
Thanh, Nguyen Ngoc Dan
Nhung, Nguyen Ngoc My
Tran, Tran Ngoc Bao
Vy, Chap Nguyen Phuong
Nhi, Nguyen Hoang Yen
Thu, Ly Anh
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Article History
Received: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 30 April 2026
First Online: 6 May 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and are the product of professional research. They do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any affiliated institution, funder, agency, or that of the publisher. The authors are responsible for this article’s results, findings, and content.All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Ho Chi Minh City Open University (approval/waiver number: [282/TB-HTQLKH], date: [04/09/2025]. All participants were informed about the purpose and procedures of the study, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation.
