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Article History

Received: 3 January 2026

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 16 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee. The study (ref: FHSS250054) was reviewed and approved by the Faculty Ethics Committee, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, City University of Macau, on 15 Aug 2025.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.