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Authors
Zhang, Yuan-jie
Guo, Yue-ying
Wang, Yong
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Article History
Received: 19 March 2026
Accepted: 6 May 2026
First Online: 8 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study constitutes an analysis of publicly available data and did not involve human participants. The study protocol was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, which granted a waiver for formal ethical approval as the research exclusively utilized publicly accessible data from TikTok (Douyin) and Bilibili platforms.
