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Authors
Ariño-Mateo, Eva
Arriagada-Venegas, Matías
Ruiz-Ortega, Ana M.
Pérez-Jorge, David
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Conselleria de Educación, Cultura, Universidades y Empleo (CDEIGENT/2021/003)
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Article History
Received: 3 December 2025
Accepted: 6 May 2026
First Online: 23 May 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics: We used a publicly available, representative database from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. Given that this dataset is publicly accessible and collected by the government for research purposes, our team did not need to obtain ethics committee approval.
