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Authors
Qu, Liang
Liu, Tao
Wang, Yongzhi
Zhao, Xiaolong
Ji, Peng
An, Mingming
Wu, Di
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Article History
Received: 7 February 2026
Accepted: 11 May 2026
First Online: 23 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The Ethics Committee of Shandong University of Science and Technology in China approved the study. We confirm that this paper involves online questionnaire surveys completed by university learners. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and their legal guardian(s). Informed consent was obtained from all experts involved in the study.
