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Article History

Received: 30 August 2025

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: According to Egyptian Clinical Research Law No. 214 of 2020 (Egyptian Government, 2020) 28 , mandatory ethical approval is limited to clinical, biomedical, and interventional studies involving human participants, particularly those that may expose participants to physical, psychological, or privacy-related risks. The present study does not fall within this legally defined scope, as it constitutes non-interventional, no-risk research based solely on an engineering survey of construction professionals. It does not involve any medical, clinical, or experimental procedures, nor the collection of biological samples, personally identifiable information, or sensitive personal data [ 29 ]. Accordingly, the study falls under the institutional ethical guidelines adopted by Egyptian universities under the umbrella of the Supreme Council of Universities (Article 40) 30 , which place the responsibility for ensuring ethical compliance in non-clinical research on the researcher, provided that appropriate ethical principles (such as informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation) are maintained.

: Participation was entirely voluntary, informed of the purpose of the study, and informed consent was obtained prior to participation. Respondents were free to decline participation or skip any question without consequence. Data were collected anonymously, analyzed in aggregated form, and stored securely to ensure confidentiality and prevent identification of individual participants.